Modeling Human Error, Safety Training, and PPE Compliance in Predicting Construction Accident Risk: Evidence from Indonesian Infrastructure Projects
Keywords:
Construction safety, Human factors, Occupational accidents, Risk Level Index, Safety training, PPE compliance, SEM-PLSAbstract
Construction projects in developing countries experience high occupational accident rates, mainly caused by unsafe behavior, human error, and inadequate safety practices. This study examines the influence of human factors on occupational accident risk by analyzing the relationships among human error rate, safety training intensity, PPE compliance, and the Risk Level Index (RLI). A quantitative explanatory approach was applied using survey data from site engineers, supervisors, and safety officers. Multiple linear regression and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS) were used to evaluate direct and indirect relationships among variables. The dependent variable was the Risk Level Index (RLI), calculated from probability, severity, and exposure (P × S × E). Independent variables included human error rate, safety training intensity, and PPE compliance rate. Reliability, validity, path coefficient, and coefficient of determination (R²) analyses were conducted to assess the model. The findings reveal that human error rate is the strongest predictor of occupational accident risk, significantly increasing accident frequency and RLI. Safety training intensity shows a significant negative relationship with accident risk, indicating that improved training reduces unsafe behavior and enhances safety performance. PPE compliance also significantly decreases accident frequency and severity. SEM-PLS results confirm that human factors directly affect accident risk and are partially mediated by safety training and PPE compliance. The model explains a substantial proportion of variance in RLI, demonstrating strong explanatory power. The study concludes that strengthening safety training, improving PPE compliance, and reducing human error through effective safety management systems are essential strategies for minimizing construction accidents.
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