Ultra Processed Food Consumption and Chronic Disease Risks: An Interdisciplinary Review
Keywords:
Ultra Processed Foods, Metabolic Health, Non Communicable Diseases, Obesity Prevention, Nutrition Policy, Dietary Behavior, Public Health InterventionsAbstract
Ultra processed food (UPF) consumption has become a growing public health concern globally due to its association with adverse metabolic outcomes. This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding the impact of UPF consumption on metabolic health, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, liver dysfunction, cardiovascular risk, and mental health implications. A structured literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, incorporating peer reviewed articles published within the last decade. The review included observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta analyses examining UPF consumption and its metabolic effects. Findings reveal that high UPF intake is significantly linked to increased body mass index, waist circumference, and metabolic syndrome components, beginning from childhood. Evidence also points to an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular events in populations with high UPF exposure. Psychosocial outcomes, particularly depression and anxiety, are notably higher among frequent UPF consumers. These effects are exacerbated by structural determinants such as food marketing, urban food deserts, and economic barriers. Policy interventions in countries like Mexico and Brazil have shown effectiveness through labeling laws and dietary guidelines aimed at reducing UPF consumption. Overall, reducing UPF intake through policy, education, and reformulation is essential for improving global metabolic health. Future research should address existing gaps with longitudinal, culturally sensitive, and multi sectoral approaches to inform sustainable dietary interventions.
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